With summer over, cold wet weather is not far away. Workplace safety is important for workers who are outdoors, because unfavorable weather can cause severe health problems such as frostbite and hypothermia.
In addition to cold and wet weather, wind is also a hazard; blowing or gusty wind can make conditions dangerous even when the temperature is above freezing.
By staying aware of your surroundings and using simple precautions you can avoid illnesses like hypothermia and frostbite. A buddy system is a good idea for outdoor teams—know the signs of cold stress in yourself and your co-workers when working outside in cold climates.
Frostbite
Frostbite occurs when skin and body tissue begin to freeze after exposure to cold. The body's most vulnerable parts are the extremities, including the nose, ears, fingers, and toes.
Symptoms
- A tingling sensation like pins and needles.
- Numbness.
- Pain.
- Pale or waxy skin that may harden.
Prevention
- Wear protective thermal clothing such as insulated gloves, warm socks, and face protection.
- Even with protection, prolonged exposure can still cause frostbite.
What to do if you or a coworker has frostbite
- Remove tight clothing and jewelry from the affected area.
- Place affected body parts in a warm water bath; avoid hot water so tissues warm slowly.
- When normal feeling returns, pat the area dry and cover it to keep it warm.
- Seek medical attention and notify a supervisor.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a dangerous condition that happens when body temperature drops below about 95°F (35°C).
Symptoms
- Uncontrollable shivering.
- Bluish skin, especially fingers and lips.
- Exhaustion, irrational behavior, irritability, and uncoordinated movements.
How to help a hypothermia victim
- Call 911 immediately.
- Move the person to a warm, dry place.
- Remove wet clothing and replace with warm, dry clothing; wrap the person in a blanket.
- Offer a warm, sugary drink such as a sports drink; avoid caffeine and alcohol.
- Try to keep the person awake and ask them to move their extremities to generate muscle heat if they are able.
Working safely in cold, wet weather
Working outdoors in cold, wet weather is physically tiring, so follow simple precautions to reduce risk and fatigue.
- Take short, frequent breaks in a dry, warm place.
- Use layered clothing that you can add or remove as conditions change.
- Wear insulated, waterproof work boots.
- Keep spare clothing available so you can change out of wet items.
- Use a buddy system and work in groups when possible; be aware of co-workers' fitness and well-being.
All employees need training on the symptoms and emergency treatment for frostbite and hypothermia.
Employers and safety managers may also consider related workplace protections such as Winter Weather Insurance to address risks to equipment and operations during severe cold.
For additional seasonal workplace guidance, review Seasonal Safety: Heater Use, Heat Illness Prevention, and Cybersecurity Myths for tips that apply across different weather-related hazards.
If you need help arranging coverage or discussing protections for outdoor workers, talk to an agent.
Frequently Asked Questions
How quickly can frostbite occur?
Frostbite can develop rapidly in very cold, windy, or wet conditions, sometimes within minutes on exposed skin; severity depends on temperature, wind, and wetness.
When should I call 911 for cold-related illness?
Call 911 if someone shows signs of moderate or severe hypothermia (confusion, inability to stay awake, very low body temperature) or if frostbite is severe or involves large areas.
Are hand warmers and insulated gloves enough to prevent frostbite?
They help reduce risk, but prevention also requires limiting exposure time, keeping clothing dry, and using layered insulation appropriate for conditions.
What should I do if a coworker refuses to seek medical help?
Encourage them to get evaluated and notify a supervisor; if their condition is worsening or life-threatening, call emergency services immediately.